Some of the agricultural produce in France includes wheat, pork, dairy products, apples, beef, and fishery products. Download historical data for 20 million indicators using your browser. The Trading Economics Application Programming Interface (API) provides direct access to our data. [95] On a global level, there is evidence that the introduction of the euro has led to an integration in terms of investment in bond portfolios, with eurozone countries lending and borrowing more between each other than with other countries.[96]. The European Commission then chose the design created by the Belgian Alain Billiet.

After its introduction on 4 January 1999 its exchange rate against the other major currencies fell reaching its lowest exchange rates in 2000 (3 May vs Pound sterling, 25 October vs the U.S. dollar, 26 October vs Japanese yen). Outside the eurozone, a total of 22 countries and territories that do not belong to the EU have currencies that are directly pegged to the euro including 14 countries in mainland Africa (CFA franc), two African island countries (Comorian franc and Cape Verdean escudo), three French Pacific territories (CFP franc) and three Balkan countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark), Bulgaria (Bulgarian lev) and North Macedonia (Macedonian denar).

The euro (symbol: €; code: EUR) is the official currency of 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union.

The euro has been used as a trading currency in Cuba since 1998,[59] Syria since 2006,[60] and Venezuela since 2018. Outside Europe, a number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. ", "The Euro Changeover and Its Effects on Price Transparency and Inflation", "Quarterly Journal of Economics – Abstract", "The geography of asset trade and the euro: Insiders and outsiders", "Redwood: The origins of the euro crisis", "Farewell, Fair-Weather Euro | IP – Global-Edition", "Price setting and inflation dynamics: did EMU matter", "Price convergence in the EMU? One such bank was the Bundesbank in Germany; the European Central Bank was modelled on the Bundesbank.[75]. The euro remains underweight as a reserve currency in advanced economies while overweight in emerging and developing economies: according to the International Monetary Fund[63] the total of euro held as a reserve in the world at the end of 2008 was equal to $1.1 trillion or €850 billion, with a share of 22% of all currency reserves in advanced economies, but a total of 31% of all currency reserves in emerging and developing economies. United States Dollars.

", "The Euro's Trade Effect: A Meta-Analysis", "The Euro and Trade: Is there a Positive Effect? [41] Credit/debit card charging and ATM withdrawals within the eurozone are also treated as domestic transactions; however paper-based payment orders, like cheques, have not been standardised so these are still domestic-based. The government promised they would restore the retirement age to 60 years, restore 60,000 jobs, reduce the cost of rent, establish a more public house for the financially unstable, and provide a full pension for those who have worked over 42 years.